Unveiling the Ancient Beauty of Interrupted Ferns

In the hush of Sapsucker Woods, Interrupted Ferns unfurl their ancient green with quiet grace—guardians of time, rooted in myth, memory, and moss.


In a shaded hollow of Sapsucker Woods, where the hush of ancient time lingers like mist among the trees, the Interrupted Fern rises from the soft, damp floor with a quiet grace. Its fronds, broad and arching, seem less grown than unfurled—as if unrolling a memory held for millions of years.

The plant’s name, Osmunda claytoniana, carries echoes of two worlds. “Osmunda,” perhaps once spoken in the sacred groves of northern Europe, is thought to honor a forgotten god—Osmunder, one of Thor’s names, a guardian of strength and storm. The species name pays tribute to John Clayton, an early colonial botanist who walked Virginia’s forests centuries ago and recognized in this fern a quiet marvel worth remembering.

And so this plant, whose lineage reaches back more than 200 million years, is rooted not just in soil and stone, but in language and lore.

The fern’s common name—Interrupted—describes the curious habit of its fertile fronds, which rise briefly in midsummer, dark and beadlike, then wither and vanish, leaving a ghostly gap midway up the blade. It is as though the plant had paused mid-sentence, letting silence speak where others would persist. In this interruption, the forest itself seems to take a breath.

The roots of Osmunda claytoniana twist into fibrous mats beneath the soil. These rhizomes, dense and springy, were once harvested as osmunda fiber, prized by horticulturists for cradling delicate orchids—a gentle reminder of how often nature’s strength serves human fragility. And though the Interrupted Fern is not celebrated in pharmacopeias, its kin were used by Indigenous peoples as poultices for wounds, or brewed into mild tonics to ease internal aches—suggesting a long, quiet partnership with humankind.

Forest Floor in Sapsucker Woods on a summer afternoon

There is little need for blossoms or fragrance here. The beauty of this fern is in its restraint. Its fronds do not shout, but rather whisper of deep time, of shaded ravines and glacial meltwaters, of forests that once stood where oceans now roll. Some said ferns were touched by magic—that they bloomed only on Midsummer’s Eve and vanished before the eye could see. The Interrupted Fern, with its appearing and disappearing fronds, might well have inspired such tales.

And so, in the filtered light beneath the canopy, this ancient fern lives on—not as a relic, but as a quiet thread in the fabric of the living forest. To stand in its presence is to feel a kind of reverence—not for what is rare, but for what endures.

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Discovering the Beauty of White Bluebells: An Exploration of Hyacinthoides non-scripta (alba)

Discover the enchanting white bluebells blooming around our home! Explore their natural history, ethereal beauty, and fascinating folklore. Uncover the wonders of Hyacinthoides non-scripta (alba) in our latest blog post.

The surprise of finding white bluebells blooming around our home this spring was nothing short of magical. Known scientifically as Hyacinthoides non-scripta (alba), these delicate flowers add a touch of elegance and tranquility to our garden. As I delved into the history, etymology, and folklore of these enchanting blooms, I discovered a world rich in cultural significance and natural wonder.

Bluebell Natural History

White bluebells, a variant of the common bluebell, belong to the Asparagaceae family. Native to the woodlands of Western Europe, these perennials are renowned for their striking appearance and pleasant fragrance. The white bluebell, though less common than its blue counterpart, is equally captivating with its pure white, bell-shaped flowers that hang gracefully from slender stems.

Hyacinthoides non-scripta thrives in shady, moist environments, often forming dense carpets that transform forest floors into a sea of blossoms in spring. These plants are well-adapted to their woodland habitats, where they bloom before the canopy closes, taking advantage of the early spring light.

White Bluebell (Hyacinthoides non-scripta (alba)) growing around our home, May 2024

Etymology of the Scientific and Common Names

The scientific name “Hyacinthoides” is derived from the Greek word “hyakinthos,” referring to the mythological youth Hyacinthus, who was transformed into a flower. “Non-scripta” means “unmarked” or “not written,” distinguishing it from the classical hyacinth described by ancient authors. This epithet underscores the plant’s unique identity in the botanical world.

The common name “bluebell” comes from the flower’s resemblance to small bells and its predominant blue color. The “white” prefix simply describes this particular variety’s color, adding to its distinction.

White Bluebells in Folklore and History

Bluebells, including their white variants, are steeped in folklore and myth. In England, bluebells are often associated with fairy enchantments and woodland magic. Folklore suggests that bluebells ring to summon fairies, and to disturb a bluebell patch was to risk falling under a fairy spell. The white bluebells, with their ethereal appearance, add an extra layer of mystique to these tales.

Historically, bluebells were used for practical purposes as well. The sticky sap from the bulbs was employed to bind pages in books and to glue feathers onto arrows. However, it’s important to note that all parts of the plant are toxic if ingested, a fact that has also contributed to its aura of cautionary folklore.

The Surprise and Wonder of White Bluebells

Discovering white bluebells around our home has been a source of immense joy. These flowers, with their serene beauty and historical significance, connect us to the past and the natural world in a profound way. The surprise of seeing them bloom each spring reminds us of nature’s unpredictability and generosity.

Their presence in our garden brings a sense of peace and wonder, inviting us to pause and appreciate the small miracles that surround us. The delicate white bells, swaying gently in the breeze, create a visual symphony that enchants the senses and uplifts the spirit.

White bluebells serve as a testament to the rich tapestry of life that thrives in our gardens, often unnoticed. They remind us to look closely, to explore, and to cherish the natural beauty that graces our lives. As we continue to nurture our garden, the white bluebells stand as a symbol of purity, resilience, and the timeless charm of nature’s wonders.

Copyright 2024 Michael Stephen Wills All Rights Reserved

The Delight of Woodruff: An Exploration of Galium odoratum

Discover the enchanting woodruff growing around our home! Explore its natural history, delightful fragrance, and fascinating role in folklore and history. Uncover the wonders of this perennial plant in our latest blog post.

As spring breathes new life into our surroundings, the delight of identifying the plants that grow around our home is a joy like no other. This year, I was thrilled to discover that the delicate and fragrant woodruff (Galium odoratum) has been gracing our garden. Known for its charming clusters of white flowers and vibrant green leaves, woodruff brings both aesthetic beauty and a rich historical tapestry to our home.

Natural History of Woodruff

Woodruff, scientifically known as Galium odoratum, is a perennial plant native to Europe, North Africa, and parts of Asia. It thrives in shady, woodland environments, often forming dense mats that carpet the forest floor. The plant typically blooms in late spring to early summer, producing tiny white flowers that contrast beautifully with its whorls of bright green leaves.

Galium odoratum is a member of the Rubiaceae family, which also includes coffee and gardenias. Its ability to spread quickly through its creeping rhizomes makes it an excellent ground cover. In addition to its visual appeal, woodruff is known for its sweet scent, which intensifies when the plant is dried. This fragrance is due to the presence of coumarin, a natural compound that also contributes to its medicinal properties.

This woodruff (Galium odoratum) grows around our home.

Etymology of the Scientific and Common Names

The scientific name Galium odoratum provides insights into the plant’s characteristics. “Galium” is derived from the Greek word “gala,” meaning milk. This refers to the plant’s historical use in curdling milk. “Odoratum,” on the other hand, highlights the plant’s pleasant aroma.

The common name “woodruff” has an interesting origin as well. The word “wood” refers to the plant’s typical habitat in wooded areas, while “ruff” is thought to be derived from the Old English “rūwe,” meaning rough or hairy, describing the texture of the plant’s leaves and stems.

Woodruff in Folklore and History

Woodruff has a storied past, steeped in folklore and history. In medieval Europe, it was used for its aromatic properties to freshen up linens and as a strewing herb to mask odors in homes and churches. Its sweet scent was believed to ward off evil spirits and bring good fortune, making it a popular choice for wreaths and garlands during festivals and celebrations.

The plant also played a role in traditional medicine. Woodruff was used to treat various ailments, including liver and gallbladder issues, and as a mild sedative. Its medicinal use is attributed to the coumarin content, which has anticoagulant and anti-inflammatory properties. However, it’s worth noting that high doses of coumarin can be toxic, so its medicinal use has largely fallen out of favor in modern times.

In Germany, woodruff is famously associated with May Wine, a traditional beverage enjoyed during spring festivals. The plant is infused into white wine, imparting its unique flavor and aroma. This custom dates back centuries and is still practiced today, symbolizing the arrival of spring and the renewal of life.

This woodruff (Galium odoratum) grows around our home.

The Surprise and Wonder of Woodruff

Discovering woodruff around our home has been a source of wonder and delight. Its presence connects us to the rich tapestry of nature and history, reminding us of the timeless beauty and utility of the plants that surround us. As I watch the delicate flowers sway gently in the breeze, I am filled with a sense of gratitude for the surprises that nature continually offers.

Woodruff’s modest appearance belies its profound impact on the landscape and our lives. It serves as a reminder that even the smallest plants can hold significant historical, cultural, and medicinal value. As we continue to explore and appreciate the natural world around us, the humble woodruff stands as a testament to the enduring connection between humanity and nature.

Copyright 2024 Michael Stephen Wills All Rights Reserved

Trillium: A Springtime Encounter

Discover the enchanting beauty and rich history of the Great White Trillium in Treman Gorge. Learn about its unique life cycle, medicinal uses, and the fascinating pink tints that emerge as these elegant flowers age. Read more!

Walking through Treman Gorge in early May, I am always struck by the lush greenery that carpets the forest floor. The delicate ferns and emerging wildflowers create a tapestry of colors and textures. On this particular visit, my attention is drawn to a cluster of striking flowers that stand out against the verdant backdrop. These are the Trilliums, a genus known for their three-petaled blooms.

A Closer Look at Trillium grandiflorum


As I approach the flowers, I recognize them as Trillium grandiflorum, commonly known as the Great White Trillium. The species name “grandiflorum” aptly describes its large, showy flowers. Each blossom consists of three pure white petals that gently arch outward, giving the flower a graceful appearance. The petals are complemented by three green sepals and three broad leaves that form a whorl beneath the bloom.

Some flowers, in particular, catch my eye. They have a faint pink hue, the end of its blooming period approaches. This natural aging process transforms the white petals into a soft pink, adding another layer of beauty to these already stunning plants. This subtle pink tint is a sign of the flower’s progression through its lifecycle, a gentle reminder of the ever-changing nature of the forest.

The Natural History of Trilliums


Trillium grandiflorum is native to the deciduous forests of North America, thriving in the rich, moist soils found in areas like Treman Gorge. These perennial plants emerge in early spring, often before the tree canopy fully develops, taking advantage of the available sunlight.

Trilliums have a unique reproductive strategy known as myrmecochory. This means their seeds are dispersed by ants. The seeds have a fatty appendage called an elaiosome, which attracts ants. The ants carry the seeds back to their nests, consume the elaiosome, and discard the seed, effectively planting it in a nutrient-rich environment.

Historical and Modern Uses

Historically, another trillium species, Trillium erectum, held significance for both Native American tribes. Various parts of the plant were used for medicinal purposes. The roots, in particular, were valued for their astringent and antiseptic properties. They were used to treat wounds, inflammation, and other ailments. Some tribes referred to Trillium as “birthroot” because it was used to ease childbirth and labor pains.

European settlers also adopted these uses and incorporated Trillium into their herbal remedies. The roots were used to facilitate labor, manage menstrual disorders, and treat wounds and inflammations. Because of its association with childbirth and its perceived benefits in regulating menstrual cycles, the plant became widely known as “Bethroot.”​

In modern times, while the medicinal use of Trillium has waned, the plant is still admired for its beauty and ecological role. Conservation efforts are in place to protect wild populations of Trillium grandiflorum, as habitat loss and over-harvesting have threatened some local populations.

Capturing the Moment


Photographing these Trilliums is a delight. Using the Apple IPhone 14 ProMax I carefully frame each shot to capture the intricate details of the flowers. Macros reveal the delicate veins on the petals and the fine texture of the leaves. I developed the images in Adobe Lightroom to highlight the contrast between the white flowers and the lush green foliage. Some of the images beautifully capture the pink tints on the petals, showcasing the flower’s natural aging process and adding depth to their already stunning appearance.

Reflecting on the Experience


Encountering Trillium grandiflorum in full bloom is a profound experience. These flowers, with their simple yet elegant structure, embody the essence of spring’s renewal. They remind me of the intricate connections within ecosystems and the historical ties humans have to the natural world.

As I continue my walk through Treman Gorge, I carry with me a sense of gratitude for the opportunity to witness such beauty. The Trilliums, with their timeless grace and the gentle pink tints of their aging petals, have left an indelible mark on my heart. I look forward to returning each year to see these perennial wonders, knowing that each visit offers a chance to reconnect with nature’s enduring splendor.

Copyright 2024 Michael Stephen Wills All Rights Reserved

From Myths to Medicine Unraveling the Tales of False Solomon’s Seal

Step into Treman Gorge and discover the enchanting world of False Solomon’s Seal. Unveil the myths, medicinal uses, and ecological wonders of Smilacina racemosa as it flourishes beneath the forest canopy.

In the shaded woodland of Treman Gorge, near the tumbling waters of Lucifer Falls, the understory blooms with the intriguing presence of Smilacina racemosa, commonly known as false Solomon’s seal. This perennial wildflower’s identity is as layered as the forest floor it adorns, its names—both scientific and common—woven with historical and cultural threads.

Smilacina racemosa—the plant’s scientific name—offers a botanical breadcrumb trail to its identity. “Smilacina” derives from a diminutive form of the Latin word for smile, “smilax”, a reference not to the plant’s demeanor but to its resemblance to the related sarsaparilla plants, which belong to the genus Smilax. The species name “racemosa” speaks directly to its form, describing the characteristic raceme or cluster of flowers that gracefully arch at the end of its stalk, each blossom a delicate dot along the green wand.

The common name, false Solomon’s seal, tells a tale of mistaken identity and botanical homage. The name playfully suggests a sibling rivalry of sorts with its look-alike, the true Solomon’s seal (Polygonatum), which bears its flowers and fruits along the stem, rather than at the tip as in Smilacina. The term “Solomon’s seal” itself is steeped in lore, supposedly referring to the circular seals from King Solomon’s ring—a mark of wisdom and an echo in the circular scars on the rhizome of the true Solomon’s seal. Here, in this false version, the legacy is mimicked in form but remains uniquely distinct in its flowering finale.

As for its cultural tapestry, false Solomon’s seal holds its own chapter in Native American ethnobotany. The plant was not merely a forest decoration but a source of sustenance and medicine. Its young shoots and leaves were often harvested in spring, a woodland asparagus of sorts, eaten raw or cooked. The roots served a more medicinal role, employed in treatments from stomachaches to rheumatic pains, revealing a deep-rooted reverence for this plant’s healing potential.

Beyond its uses, false Solomon’s seal paints a broader stroke in the ecological canvas of Treman Gorge. Flowering in May, its creamy white blossoms are a ballet of light in the dappled shade, attracting a suite of spring pollinators. By autumn, the flowers give way to speckled red berries, a feast for the eyes and a banquet for birds and mammals, knitting itself into the life threads of its woodland home.

Thus, the journey of understanding Smilacina racemosa is as much about unearthing its etymological roots as it is about appreciating its ecological and cultural resonance. A plant of beauty and utility, it stands as a silent sentinel in the history-laden woods of Treman Gorge, its presence a whispered tale in the symphony of spring. As it stretches beneath the towering trees, it invites those who wander to delve deeper into its story, a tale woven through the very fabric of the forest floor.

Copyright 2024 Michael Stephen Wills All Rights Reserved