The Wonder of Purple-Flowered Raspberry: Nature’s Thornless Native Treasure

The purple-flowered raspberry is a native shrub that confounds expectations, combining rose-like blossoms, maple-shaped leaves, edible fruit, and thornless stems into one of eastern North America’s most enchanting woodland plants.

I first encountered the purple-flowered raspberry while walking the Gorge Trail at Fillmore Glen State Park. Dry Creek murmured below, working patiently within ancient shale walls that confine its course. Waterfalls spilled from ledges overhead, cool mist drifted through the narrow passage, and sunlight filtered down in shifting patches through the summer canopy. It was a landscape dramatic enough to command all of one’s attention.

Yet it was a flower growing quietly beside the trail that stopped me in my tracks.

Purple-flowered Raspberry Growing Within Treman Gorge by the South Rim Trail

At first glance, I thought I had stumbled upon an escaped garden plant. The blossoms were  impossible to ignore—large, open, and an exuberant shade of rose-purple that glowed against the surrounding green. They seemed too extravagant for the subdued palette of a northeastern woodland. The petals had the simple elegance of wild roses, but there was something else about the plant that resisted easy identification.

The purple-flowered raspberry, Rubus odoratus, is a plant of delightful contradictions. Its blossoms are among the largest in the raspberry family, often two inches across. They appear over an extended season, beginning in early summer and continuing well toward autumn. Unlike the brief fireworks of many woodland wildflowers, this plant stages an encore performance, offering fresh blooms long after others have taken their final bow.

Over the years, I returned often to Fillmore Glen. Dry Creek became an old acquaintance, its voice changing with the seasons—boisterous after spring rains, subdued during the heat of late summer. And almost every year, somewhere along the Gorge Trail, I would encounter those same remarkable shrubs. Familiarity deepened into appreciation, and appreciation eventually became affection.

The flowers also serve a practical purpose beyond their beauty. Native bees and other pollinating insects visit them regularly, gathering nectar and pollen throughout the season. The plant has become part of an intricate ecological conversation that has been unfolding for thousands of years.

Then there are the leaves. The first time I noticed them closely, they triggered another moment of confusion. Broad and softly textured, divided into five lobes, they looked uncannily like oversized maple leaves. Some can grow nearly ten inches across, creating islands of lush greenery along shaded streambanks and woodland edges.

It is as though nature, in one of her playful moods, decided to combine the leaf of a maple, the flower of a rose, and the fruit of a raspberry.

Most raspberries and blackberries demand respect from a distance. Their prickles and thorns snag clothing and skin with equal enthusiasm. Purple-flowered raspberry breaks that expectation as well. Its stems are fuzzy rather than fierce. There are no hooked defenses waiting to punish curiosity. The plant invites close examination.

By late summer, the blossoms yield to flattened red fruits. Technically, they are raspberries, though they lack the sugary richness of their cultivated cousins. I have sampled them occasionally, appreciating them more for the experience than the flavor. Birds, however, are less discriminating. The fruits provide nourishment for wildlife, becoming another thread in the web of life that surrounds Dry Creek and countless other woodland habitats.

Native to eastern North America, purple-flowered raspberry ranges from Nova Scotia westward into Ontario and Wisconsin, extending south through the Appalachian Mountains. It thrives along forest margins, rocky slopes, stream corridors, and disturbed areas where sunlight penetrates the canopy. Through underground shoots, it gradually forms colonies that stabilize soil and provide shelter for small creatures.

It belongs exactly where I first found it. There is a temptation, especially among gardeners, to seek novelty elsewhere—to import the exotic, the unusual, the unfamiliar. Yet some of the most extraordinary plants are those that have quietly shared our landscapes all along.

The purple-flowered raspberry reminds me of this truth each time I encounter it. It teaches the value of paying attention. A hurried walk through Fillmore Glen might focus exclusively on the waterfalls, the sculpted rock formations, or the cool refuge of the gorge itself. All are worthy of admiration. But along the margins of the trail stand these shrubs, offering their own quieter marvels.

My photograph captures all flowering forms of this member of the Rose family. This specimen was blooming in August within the shade of Fillmore Glen in the Finger Lakes of New York State.

A rose-colored flower where one expects white. Maple leaves on a raspberry cane. Soft stems where thorns should be. Fruit that feeds the forest. A native plant that asks for nothing more than the chance to flourish where it has always belonged. Years after that first encounter beside Dry Creek, the sight of those blossoms still stops me as I find them in all the Finger Lakes gorges.

Certain plants become landmarks in our personal geography. They root themselves not only in the soil but in memory. The purple-flowered raspberry has become one of those companions for me—a recurring presence marking the passage of summers, a familiar face in a beloved landscape.

Dry Creek continues its patient work of carving stone. The waterfalls continue to descend in silver ribbons through the gorge. And each year, as if renewing an old friendship, the purple-flowered raspberries lift their improbable blossoms toward the filtered light. In their presence, wonder becomes less an emotion than a habit of attention.

Sometimes the greatest discoveries are not rare because they are hidden. They are rare because we have not yet learned to see them. The purple-flowered raspberry taught me to look more closely. Along a trail I thought I knew by heart, it revealed that nature still keeps delightful surprises in reserve.

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The American Basswood: A Journey of Discovery

Discover the rich history and ecological significance of the American Basswood, a majestic tree that intertwines nature, culture, and human history. Uncover its beauty, versatility, and the fascinating pollinators that bring it to life.

As I strolled through the sun-dappled glade, my eyes were drawn to a magnificent tree standing sentinel at the edge of the clearing. Its broad canopy spread like a green umbrella, casting a generous shade over the picnic bench below. Intrigued by its commanding presence, I approached, eager to unravel the secrets of this arboreal giant. Little did I know that this encounter would lead me on a journey through history, etymology, and the myriad uses of the American Basswood.

This photograph features the growth pattern for which the Basswood is known. Buttermilk Falls State Park, Ithaca, Tompkins County, New York State. The Finger Lakes Region.

The American Basswood, or Tilia americana, is a tree steeped in history and lore. Its name, “Basswood,” is derived from the word “bast,” referring to the inner bark of the tree, which is known for its fibrous and pliable nature. This etymology hints at the tree’s historical uses, which I would soon discover are as rich and varied as the foliage above me.

As I examined the leaves, I was struck by their heart-shaped form, a feature that has made the Basswood a symbol of love and romance in various cultures. The leaves were smooth and slightly serrated at the edges, with a deep green hue that seemed to capture the essence of summer. Hanging delicately from the branches were clusters of small, round buds, hinting at the tree’s flowering potential. These flowers, I would later learn, are not just beautiful but also aromatic, attracting bees and other pollinators with their sweet fragrance.

These are leaves from a branch broken by spring storms and fallen across the Finger Lakes Trail that follows the southern side of Treman Park above the South Rim Trail. Robert H. Treman New York State Park, Tompkins County, Ithaca. June 27, 2024

The history of the American Basswood in America is intertwined with the lives of indigenous peoples and early settlers. Native Americans valued the Basswood for its soft, easily worked wood and its inner bark, which they used to make ropes, mats, and other essential items. The tree’s wood, known for being lightweight and finely grained, was perfect for carving and crafting tools, utensils, and even ceremonial masks. This versatility made the Basswood an integral part of daily life and cultural practices.

With the arrival of European settlers, the uses of Basswood expanded. Settlers quickly recognized the tree’s potential, using its wood for a variety of applications. The soft, yet sturdy wood was ideal for making furniture, musical instruments, and even crates and boxes. Its workability and smooth finish made it a favorite among craftsmen and artisans. I imagined the hands of these early Americans, shaping and molding the wood, breathing life into their creations.

As I continued to explore the tree, I was drawn to the small, green fruits hanging from slender stems. These fruits, known as nutlets, are encased in a leafy bract that aids in their dispersal by wind. This ingenious natural design ensures the propagation of the species, allowing new generations of Basswoods to take root and flourish.

Curious about the tree’s name, I delved into its etymology and discovered an interesting linguistic journey. In England and Ireland, the Basswood is commonly referred to as the “Lime Tree.” This name does not relate to the citrus fruit tree but instead comes from the Old English word “Lind,” related to the German word “Linde.” Both terms historically referred to trees of the Tilia genus. Over time, “Lind” evolved into “Lime,” influenced by phonetic changes and regional dialects, solidifying the term “Lime Tree” for Tilia species in these regions. Despite sharing the same common name, the Tilia “Lime Tree” and the citrus “Lime Tree” belong to entirely different plant families.

The American Basswood’s significance extends beyond its practical uses. The tree has found a place in American culture and literature, often symbolizing strength, resilience, and longevity. Its towering presence and expansive canopy make it a popular choice for parks and public spaces, where it provides shade and beauty. I thought of the many people who must have sought refuge under its branches, finding solace and inspiration in its quiet strength.

In addition to its cultural and historical significance, the Basswood also plays a crucial ecological role. Its flowers are a vital source of nectar for bees, making it an essential component of local ecosystems. Beekeepers, in particular, value the Basswood for the high-quality honey produced from its nectar, known for its delicate flavor and aroma. The tree’s leaves and bark also provide habitat and food for various wildlife, contributing to the biodiversity of the area.

Pollination is a critical aspect of the American Basswood’s lifecycle, and a variety of insects are drawn to its fragrant, nectar-rich flowers. Honeybees (Apis mellifera) are among the most significant pollinators, their presence around the Basswood a testament to the tree’s importance in the ecosystem. These industrious bees not only gather nectar but also facilitate the pollination process, ensuring the production of seeds. Bumblebees (Bombus spp.) also play a crucial role, utilizing their unique buzz-pollination technique to effectively transfer pollen within the flowers.

These are leaves from a branch broken by spring storms and fallen across the Finger Lakes Trail that follows the southern side of Treman Park above the South Rim Trail. Robert H. Treman New York State Park, Tompkins County, Ithaca. June 27, 2024

Additionally, native bees such as sweat bees (Halictidae), mining bees (Andrenidae), and leafcutter bees (Megachilidae) are frequent visitors, drawn by the abundant nectar and pollen. Butterflies, while not as significant as bees, contribute to the pollination process, adding a touch of grace as they flutter from flower to flower. Moths, particularly those active in the evening, are another group of pollinators, their nocturnal activity complementing the daytime efforts of bees and butterflies. Hoverflies (Syrphidae), also known as flower flies, are attracted to the nectar and aid in the pollination, showcasing the diverse array of insects that rely on the Basswood.

Reflecting on my discovery, I realized the American Basswood is a living testament to the interconnectedness of nature and human history. Its presence in the landscape is a reminder of the many ways in which plants and trees shape our lives, providing resources, inspiration, and a connection to the natural world.

As I left the shade of the Basswood and continued my walk, I felt a deep sense of gratitude for the opportunity to learn and connect with this remarkable tree. Its story is a reminder of the importance of preserving and cherishing the natural world, ensuring that future generations can continue to discover and appreciate the wonders of the American Basswood.

Copyright 2024 Michael Stephen Wills All Rights Reserved

Reflections on Hawkweed: A Meditative Journey Along Buttermilk Creek

Discover the enchanting hawkweed along Buttermilk Creek’s path. Explore its vibrant yellow blooms, unique reproduction, and rich folklore in our latest nature essay. Dive into the captivating world of this resilient wildflower!


Walking along the path that climbs from the lower park into the gorge of Buttermilk Creek, I am drawn to the vibrant splash of yellow that punctuates the verdant green and shale, limestone of the path. Here I encounter the humble yet striking hawkweed (Hieracium spp.). These yellow flowers, seemingly modest in their simplicity, invite me into a deeper contemplation of nature’s intricacies.

A Closer Look

The hawkweed’s leaves form a basal rosette, their slightly toothed edges and hairy surface distinguishing them from other woodland plants. The leaves are a deep green, the tiny hairs catching the sunlight, giving them a silvery sheen. From this rosette emerges an erect stem, slender and bristling with fine hairs, reaching upwards to support the flower heads. The stems stand tall, bearing clusters of small, dandelion-like flowers that open into a cheerful yellow bloom.

These Hawkweed grow profusely along the climb along Buttermilk Creek and into the gorge. Buttermilk Falls Park, Ithaca, Tompkins County, New York State. Finger Lakes Region

Each flower head consists of numerous tiny florets, collectively forming a radiant disc. The petals are intricately fringed, almost feathery, a delicate contrast to the sturdy stem that holds them aloft. This contrast is a reminder of the balance in nature—strength and fragility coexisting in harmony.

Relationship and Reproduction

Hawkweeds belong to the Asteraceae family, sharing familial ties with daisies and dandelions. Despite their visual similarity to dandelions, hawkweeds possess unique reproductive strategies. They are known for their ability to reproduce asexually through a process called apomixis. This means that the seeds produced by hawkweed are genetically identical to the parent plant. In a grouping of hawkweeds, what appears to be a diverse collection of individuals may, in fact, be clones of a single genetic ancestor.

This method of reproduction ensures the rapid spread and establishment of hawkweed populations, a survival strategy that has both fascinated and frustrated botanists and gardeners alike. While this cloning capability allows hawkweeds to thrive in various environments, it also poses a challenge for those trying to control their spread.

Etymology and Origins

The genus name “Hieracium” is derived from the Greek word “hierax,” meaning hawk. According to ancient lore, hawks were believed to consume the sap of this plant to sharpen their vision. This mythological connection to hawks underscores the plant’s perceived potency and its storied place in folklore.

Hawkweed is not native to the Finger Lakes region but was introduced from Europe. Despite its non-native status, it has adapted well to the local environment, often found in meadows, along roadsides, and within open woodlands. Its ability to colonize disturbed areas has enabled it to become a common sight across the landscape.

Historical Uses and Lore

Throughout history, hawkweed has been used for various medicinal purposes. Traditional herbalists valued it for its purported benefits in treating respiratory ailments, digestive issues, and skin conditions. The plant was often brewed into teas or concoctions believed to have diuretic and astringent properties. Some cultures also used hawkweed as a charm against evil spirits, further embedding it in the tapestry of folklore and superstition.

In medieval times, hawkweed was sometimes used in love potions and to enhance psychic abilities. Its association with hawks and keen vision lent itself to these mystical uses, as people sought to harness the plant’s reputed powers for their own needs.

A Contemplative Pause

As I stand on the path, surrounded by the quiet beauty of Buttermilk Creek, I reflect on the hawkweed before me. This unassuming plant, with its bright flowers and tenacious growth, embodies resilience and adaptability. It thrives in the cracks and crevices of the rocky soil, a testament to nature’s relentless drive to flourish even in the most challenging conditions.

The hawkweed’s ability to clone itself, creating vast networks of genetically identical plants, speaks to the interconnectedness of life. Each plant is a reflection of its predecessors, a living link in the chain of existence. This genetic continuity is a reminder of the ways in which life persists and propagates, ensuring survival through the ages.

I found this growing along the South Rim Trail of Taughannock Falls Park during a Fathers Day Walk, June 16, 2024.Picris hieracioides, or hawkweed oxtongue, is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. Invasive Species Hawkweed Oxtongue is considered an invasive species in North America because it has the ability to outcompete native plants, reduce biodiversity, and alter ecosystems. The plant spreads rapidly and can form dense monocultures, making it difficult for other plants to grow. Additionally, Hawkweed Oxtongue produces a chemical that inhibits the growth of other plants, further contributing to its invasive nature. Control and Management The control and management of Hawkweed Oxtongue can be challenging. The plant has a deep taproot that makes it difficult to remove by hand, and it can regrow from small root fragments left in the soil. Herbicides can be effective in controlling the plant, but they can also harm other plants in the area. The best approach to managing Hawkweed Oxtongue is to prevent its spread by avoiding the movement of soil or plant material that may contain seeds or root fragments. Uses Despite its invasive nature, Hawkweed Oxtongue has some traditional medicinal uses. The plant contains compounds that have been used to treat digestive problems, skin conditions, and respiratory issues. However, the use of this plant for medicinal purposes is not recommended due to the potential for toxicity. In conclusion, Hawkweed Oxtongue is an invasive species that has the potential to cause significant ecological damage. It is important to prevent the spread of this plant and to take measures to control its growth where it has already become established. While it has some traditional medicinal uses, the potential for toxicity means that it should not be used for this purpose. Text taken from http://www.wildflowerweb.co.uk/plant/2453/hawkweed-oxtongue

In the stillness of the gorge, I find a sense of peace and connection. The hawkweed, with its storied past and practical resilience, offers a lesson in simplicity and strength. It reminds me that beauty often lies in the small, overlooked details of the natural world, and that every plant, every flower, has a story worth discovering.

As I continue my journey along Buttermilk Creek, the hawkweed’s bright blooms remain a vivid memory, a symbol of the enduring spirit of nature.

Copyright 2024 Michael Stephen Wills All Rights Reserved

Hayrolls

Haymaking, an ancient practice of harvesting and storing feed for livestock, faces modern challenges like climate change and urbanization.

Dry grass gathered for winter feed on Durfee Hill.

Click image for a larger version.

Haymaking, the age-old agricultural practice of harvesting, drying, and storing grasses and leguminous plants, has been central to sustaining livestock throughout history, especially during seasons when fresh pasture is not available. This practice, rooted in necessity and refined by tradition, embodies the intersection of human ingenuity with the rhythm of nature.

Origins of Haymaking

The origins of haymaking can be traced back to a time when early agricultural communities recognized the need to store feed for animals during lean seasons. While the exact timeline of its inception is hard to pin down, ancient texts and artifacts suggest that the process of drying and storing grass as hay has been practiced for millennia. Early haymaking was predominantly manual, relying heavily on the natural process of sun drying.

The Process of Haymaking

Haymaking usually begins with mowing, the act of cutting down the grass when it has reached its peak nutritional value, just before or as it starts flowering. After mowing, the grass is left on the field to dry, a process known as ‘tedding’. The drying process is crucial as it prevents the growth of mold and bacteria which can spoil the hay and make it unsafe for consumption.

To facilitate even drying, the cut grass is often turned over, or ‘tedded’, using specialized equipment or manually with pitchforks. This ensures that the moisture from the bottom layers of the grass is exposed to the sun and air. Once dried, the hay is raked into rows to prepare for the final stage of baling. Baling involves compacting the dried hay into bundles, making it easier for transportation and storage. Over the years, bales have evolved from simple tied bundles to more compact and uniform shapes, thanks to modern machinery.

The Importance of Haymaking

Haymaking is more than just a routine agricultural activity; it’s a lifeline for livestock farmers. Properly made hay provides essential nutrients to animals like cattle, sheep, and horses during winter months when fresh grass is scarce. Moreover, for dairy farmers, the quality of hay can directly impact the quality and quantity of milk produced.

Furthermore, the economic implications of haymaking are significant. A successful haymaking season can mean the difference between a profitable year and financial strain, especially in areas heavily dependent on livestock farming.

Modern Advances and Challenges

With the advent of technology, the haymaking process has seen numerous advancements. Modern machinery, from mowers to balers, has made the process more efficient, reducing the time and labor required. Advances in weather prediction tools have also assisted farmers in choosing the optimal time for haymaking, maximizing the chances of getting dry weather which is crucial for the process.

However, haymaking, like many agricultural practices, faces challenges in the modern era. Climate change and its resultant unpredictable weather patterns pose significant risks. Unexpected rains during the drying phase can severely affect the quality of hay. Moreover, urbanization and changing land use patterns are reducing the available land for hay cultivation.

Conclusion

Haymaking, as an agricultural practice, exemplifies the human endeavor to harness nature’s bounty for sustenance. From its ancient origins to modern implementations, it remains a testament to the farmer’s deep understanding of the land and its cycles. In a broader sense, haymaking underscores the importance of preparedness, of looking ahead and planning for the future, a lesson that resonates well beyond the confines of agriculture. As we face contemporary challenges, revisiting and valuing such practices can offer insights into sustainable and harmonious living.

P.S. Reader BigSkyBuckeye offered this insight, “Having lived many years in rural, ranching communities, one sees the lifeline of hay for winter feeding of cattle. One important note–most ranchers separate their stacks of bails with some distance, so a lightning strike doesn’t consume every bail.”

Copyright 2023 Michael Stephen Wills All Rights Reserved

more Jennings Pond IV

Still life and stillness

I described Jennings Pond to Pam and we returned together. Here is a photographic essay from that day, one of a series.

The first image is the small concrete dam, taken from the footbridge over the pond outlet, source for Buttermilk Creek.

Copyright 2023 Michael Stephen Wills All Rights Reserved

more Jennings Pond III

Picnics on the berm

I described Jennings Pond to Pam and we returned together. Here is a photographic essay from that day, one of a series.

Copyright 2023 Michael Stephen Wills All Rights Reserved

more Jennings Pond II

A gathering autumn glory

I described Jennings Pond to Pam and we returned together. Here is a photographic essay from that day, one of a series.

Copyright 2023 Michael Stephen Wills All Rights Reserved

more Jennings Pond I

No Swimming!?

“Jennings Pond,” is a song, celebrating swimming.

Here is a photographic essay on the subject of swimming at Jennings Pond this October afternoon.

Copyright 2023 Michael Stephen Wills All Rights Reserved

Farewell to the Monarchs for 2023

Monarch from caterpillar to chrysalis to butterfly

Here are two of the ten monarchs we release this year. In under three minutes this video shows a monarch caterpillar transforming into a chrysalis, emerging two weeks later as a butterfly. Music “Emotional Underscores Vol. 3” by Yuri Sazonoff (SOCAN) “Can You Guess” and “Blessing”

Migrating monarchs soar at heights of up to 1,200 feet. As sunlight hits those wings, it heats them up, but unevenly. Black areas get hotter, while white areas stay cooler. The scientists believe that when these forces are alternated, as they are with a monarch’s white spots set against black bands on the wings’ edges, it seems to create micro-vortices of air that reduce drag—making flight more efficient.

Monarchs begin leaving the northern US and Canada in mid-August. They usually fly for 4-6 hours during the day, coming down from the skies to feed in the afternoon and then find roosting sites for the night.  Monarchs cannot fly unless their flight muscles reach 55ºF. On a sunny day, these muscles in their thorax can warm to above air temperature when they bask (the black scales on their bodies help absorb heat), so they can actually fly if it is 50ºF and sunny. But on a cloudy day, they generally don’t fly if it is below 60ºF.

“Migrating monarchs use a combination of powered flight and gliding flight, maximizing gliding flight to conserve energy and reduce wear and tear on flight muscles.  Monarchs can glide forward 3-4 feet for every foot they drop in altitude.  If they have favorable tail or quartering winds, monarchs can flap their wings once every 20-30 feet and maintain altitude. Monarchs are so light that they can easily be lifted by the rising air. But they are not weightless. In order to stay in the air, they must move forward while also staying within the thermal. They do this by moving in a circle. The rising air in the thermal carries them upward, and their overall movement ends up being an upward spiral. Monarchs spiral upwards in the thermal until they reach the limit/top of the thermal (where the rising air has cooled to the same temperature as the air around it). At that point, the monarch glides forward in a S/SW direction with the aid of the wind. It glides until it finds another thermal and rides that column of rising air upwards again.”

Reference: text in italics and quotes is from one of two online articles. “The monarch butterfly’s spots may be its superpower” National Geographic, June 2023 and “Fall Migration – How do they do it?” by Candy Sarikonda, September 2014.

Copyright 2023 Michael Stephen Wills All Rights Reserved